Auteur Essay: Tarantino and Lee Moulding Emotions Essay

A common goal for most modern directors is to engage the audience emotionally. It’s a seemingly simple task that is often left by the wayside, half finished and ineffective. Those directors that do achieve this task, tend to make better movies. Two such directors are Ang Lee and Quentin Tarantino. The ways that they manipulate their audience’s emotions are completely different yet they are both effective. Where Tarantino’s manipulation of tension is unmatched in the modern world, Lee’s grace and subtlety often leaves audience’s with a sense of awe and wonder. The manipulation of an audience’s emotions is often a difficult task but Lee and Tarantino achieve it in their own unique ways. Suspense, defined by the Oxford dictionary, is a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen. Quentin Tarantino’s manipulation of suspense and tension in a scene is unmatched in today’s world. Like the former â€Å"Master of Suspense† himself, Alfred Hitchcock, Quentin Tarantino leads the audience to a the point of near exhaustion, through the pent up pressure in his trademark lengthy scenes. These scenes serve to focus every ounce of mental and emotional energy on the situation, instead of cutting away to an inter-related subplot elsewhere and releasing the pressure, as is conventional. In the film â€Å"Inglourious Basterds† (2009), Tarantino leaves the audience gasping for breath right from the opening scene. The scene, in which a German â€Å"Jew Hunter† is questioning a farmer about the Jews hiding on his farm, is built up over nearly twenty minutes of pure dialogue between the two, as the German manipulates the farmer into telling him where the fugitives are. As the scene progresses, it grows increasingly obvious that the German is playing a horrible game with the farmer and the audience. As the farmer is slowly reduced to tears, the music escalates, the ticking of the clock grows louder and the camera circles the pair, making the audience feel trapped and vulnerable. It’s despair the audience feels as the Jews are finally gunned down through the floorboards amid the screams of frantic violins and only then does Tarantino release his choke hold on the audiences emotions, letting the pressure off slightly. However, the masterful effect achieved here is that the audience is almost glad that the scene was resolved, however heinous it was. It lets the audience know that the ride is only starting and that they’d better buckle up. In the same movie Tarantino again demonstrates his ultimate control over the audience. The scene is another tense, pressure filled affair, as a group of undercover allied spies are trying to work their way out of a conversation with a Gestapo agent in a French bar. The manipulation of mis en scen is excellent as every element is used to full advantage. The audience is made to squirm in discomfort as the bar gets quieter and quieter and the Gestapo agent asks more threatening questions. The ambient lighting of the set serves to make the audience feel calm and safe but as the situation progresses the lighting seems harsher and brighter as the scene grows more tense. The scene itself, which is about twenty minutes long, starts off relatively light hearted with a game of cards between a group of enlisted Germans who are celebrating a comrades new baby. Strangely the camera stays with this group for longer than really necessary, to make the audience feel attached to the group especially the new born father. The reason why this was done becomes clear later as all his friends are slaughtered and he is left bargaining for his life, which adds yet another emotional sub-plot to the scene that the audience must deal with. In both these examples Tarantino manipulates sound to build the tension in the scene and escalate the suspense. Put simply, Tarantino â€Å"moulds† his audience throughout a scene, showing his absolute control over mis en scen, the editing process and the audience. The way in which Ang Lee conducts a scene is completely unique in today’s world. Contrasting to Tarantino’s â€Å"moulding† of the audience, Lee concentrates on making the scene â€Å"beautiful† in both the emotional and physical sense. This in fact is Lee’s own version of â€Å"moulding†, except his does so in a much more subtle fashion to connect to the audience on a higher level. In his Academy Award winning film â€Å"Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon† (2001), every single movement has a gentle, graceful feel. This is exemplified in the first combat scene, where Yu and Jen are fighting over a stolen sword. The quick, yet elegant style of movement makes the scene flow far better than a traditional fight passage where the viewer is wrenched through fast paced camera angles and shots coupled with gratuitous violence. In this scene, camera angles and shots are sparing and well used and the gentle way in which the characters manoeuvre, leave the audience feeling not an adrenaline rush but strangely calm and at ease. Similarly in â€Å"Brokeback Mountain† (2005) Lee strives to communicate beauty on multiple levels. In the scene where Ennis is visiting Jacks parents, he goes to Jacks bedroom. In this powerful scene, there is no dialogue or interaction between other characters. The camera follows Ennis as he tenderly caresses the clothes in Jacks cupboard and sits wistfully by the window with tears in his eyes. This scene is significant because it demonstrates how even though there was no interactions or dialogue it still is deeply affecting and meaningful. Ang Lee seeks to reveal the beauty of all his scenes no matter how different and diverse that beauty is. In conclusion, even though Ang Lee and Quentin Tarantino differ greatly in their techniques, they both achieve something that modern directors rarely accomplish. They connect with their audience and as a result control their emotions. From Tarantino’s masterful use of suspense, to Lee’s ballet-like grace and control over a scene, they both affect the audience in ways that compliment both the scene and their film. These two directors prove that if you control the audience’s emotions you control their outlook on the film and ultimately how successfully it is.

Issues of Politcs and Pubic Administration Dichotomy

Issues of Political Dichotomy and Public Administration Genyne Coleman South University Online Patricia Wright Kelly, J. , & Wanna, J. (2000). New public management and the politics of government budgeting. International Public Management Review, 1(1), 33-54. Retrieved from http://www3. imp. unisg. ch/org/idt/†¦ /IPMR_1_1_BUDGETING. pdf The article examines the New Public Management (NPM) to address government budget conflicts using the guardian-spender framework of political scientist Aaron Wildavsky’s.Wildavsky explains traditional budgetary politics as missing structure and formal procedure of financial control which resulted in the the dichotomous relationship of guardians and spenders. The guardian and spender relationship is examined under NPM that suggest they are forced to perform together rather than separate which makes for a streamline budget process. (Kelly & Wanna, 2000, â€Å"successful budgeting is portrayed as a product of ongoing guardian and spender rel ations: both roles are legitimate and necessary in resolving budget decisions.Dividing functions and responsibilities between spenders and guardians enables specialization, increases predictability and, therefore, reduces complexity in budget decision-making (p. 34)†. The article describes the current usefulness of guardian and spender as an effective evaluation tool The research used in this article encompasses different budgeting conflicts and strategies used by parliament and government.The relevance of the article to the research of dichotomy in politics and public administration is important as it examines the history of budgetary practices, conflicts, and its evolvement. The author presents an insightful and well drafted interpretation of forward thinking budgetary processes. Hildebrand, D. (2008). public administration as pragmatic, democratic,and objective. Public Administration Review, 222-229. Retrieved from http://www. academia. edu/597816/Public_administration_as_p ragmatic_democratic_

Risk Assessment of Mercury

Introduction Methyl quicksilver is ranked in the top 10 groups of chemicals listed as environmental job globally and is important associated for public wellness issues8, 10. Published literature suggests that methyl quicksilver has negative effects on encephalon development and the ingestion of this compound by pregnant adult female may finally take to important neurological defects in neonates13. The purpose of this study is to discourse the neurological inauspicious effects of methyl quicksilver on new-borns based on major epidemiological and carnal surveies and cipher the effects of altering dietetic methyl quicksilver exposure from fish ingestion in a France. In peculiar an direction to pregnant adult females to non devour tuna is expected to cut down the sum of MeHg consumption and consequence in IQ additions for the person and the society. Hazard IdentificationWe will analyze Mercury. Mercury exists in different signifiers, either in elements ( or metals ) as inorganic signifier ( occupational exposure ) ; and organic signifier such as methyl quicksilver ( dietetic exposure )1.Mercury, a natural component in H2O, dirt and air, is considered by WHO as one of the top 10 groups of chemicals of major public wellness concern1.Methyl Mercury chiefly targets the nervous system during its early development1. That is why fetuss and immature kids are largely vulnerable to Methyl Mercury’s inauspicious wellness effects. Methyl Mercury is oxidised in the encephalon and causes chronic diseases2,3,4,5. Specifically, in the Faroe Islands, people consume whale meat at really high rates. The population was found to be extremely contaminated and the research workers associated europsychological shortages at 7 old ages of age Developmental delays with the MeHg exposures6. The Faroe Islands and New Zealand surveies provide grounds of a negative association between MeHg in seafood consumed by pregnant adult females and the neurodevelopmental capablenesss of the siblings at the age of 4 and 6-7 old ages old. Even in low concentrations of methyl quicksilver, the effects are little but still there6,8 The Seychelles survey did non observe any important associations between developmental trials and MeHg exposure. The survey measured concentration of hair quicksilver in pregnant female parents and so evaluated the development capablenesss of kids at 6.5, 19, 29 and 66 months of age7. From the survey there is no grounds about the association of MeHg exposure and DDST-R where was showed in pilot survey7. The New Zealand survey associated exposure to Methyl quicksilver with mental development of kids at the age of 4 and 6-7 old ages old8. The survey shoes a high exposure group consisted of 200 kids ( average exposure = 9?g/g ) at the age of 6 to 7 old ages old, lower mental capablenesss were observed as opposed to the Control group with lower exposure rates.. Several bureaus around the universe examined the grounds sing MeHg toxicity. A comprehensive list of proposed ( full name ) RfDs is presented in table 1 ( adapted from WHO ) . The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives ( JECFA ) recommends that a steady-state day-to-day consumption of MeHg lower than 1.5 ?g/kg organic structure weight/day would non ensue in toxic concentrations of the compound in maternal blood. Table I:Country / OrganizationReference Level ( ?g MeHg/kg bw/week )Year adoptedJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives1.62003Japan2.02005Canada1.41997USA0.72001Nederlands0.72000Exposure appraisalAssorted epidemiological surveies were conducted in which research workers assed the degree of exposure of the female parents of the kids. Noteworthy attending is given in the survey in the Faroe Islands6, in Seychelles7and in New Zealand8. The population in Faroe Islands was found to be extremely contaminated of approximately 2 milligrams methyl mercury/kg6. The surveies we examined6,7,8and the study for WHO1, suggest that the population is chiefly exposed through seafood ingestion. Island populations such as the population of Faroe Islands and New Zealand is expected to be characterized by high fish ingestion and later to high methyl quicksilver exposure, . Typical degrees of fish ingestion vary between 1?g/kg/day and 9?g/kg/day ( Faroe ) and sometimes higher ( 10?g/kg/day in New Zealand ) . For the range of this work, the population of involvement is pregnant adult females in France. In order to gauge the exposure to MeHg from fish ingestion a brief literature reappraisal was performed and several surveies that reported pregnant adult females MeHg intake from fish in France and neighbouring states were identified. The fish ingestion in France is non every bit high as island states and it is estimated that an mean Gallic adult female consumes about three helpings of fish/seafood per hebdomad14. Sing Gallic pregnant adult females, published literature provides some grounds about their exposure to MeHg from dietetic beginnings. This grounds is based on modelled dietetic exposure based on fish ingestion and mean MeHg degrees in fish. Pouzaud et al reported a average consumption of 0.67ug Hg/kg biological warfare /week15while Crepet et Al reported a average consumption of 0.4767ug Hg/kg biological warfare /week but for adult females of childbearing age14. Similar surveies across Europe have besides reported MeHg consumptions for pregnant adult females or adult females of childbearing age and are all presented in Table I1. The exposure of the population of involvement is expected to be modifiable as ingestion of different sorts of fish may ensue in different consumption of MeHg. This is based on the concentration of MeHg that is bioaccumaulated otherwise in different species. A non-exhaustive literature hunt has provided some declarative degrees of MeHg in of import comestible fish species in France or the Mediterranean ( Table III ) . Table I1:WriterYearStatePopulationMeHg Intake ( ?g/kg biological warfare /week )Juan Antonio et Al.2008SpainPregnant adult females0.88Franceois Pouzaud et Al.2010FrancePregnant adult females0.67Crepet et Al.2004FranceWomans of childbearing age0.47Table Three:WriterYearStateFish SpecieMeHg concentration ( ?g/ gr moisture weight )Juan Antonio et Al.2008SpainBluefin Tuna0.71Swordfish0.33Tuna0.19Squid0.11Seabass0.06Seabream0.07Franceois Pouzaud et Al.2010FranceBluefin Tuna0.39SwordfishN/ATunaN/ASquidN/ASeabass0.076Seabream0.076Crepet et Al.2004FranceBluefin TunaSwordfishTuna0.813Squid0.055Seabass0.094SeabreamSalmon0.034Oyster0.034Sardine0.062Seafood0.033Dose-Response AnalysisThe relationship between IQ degrees in neonates and MeHg degrees in maternal hair used in this work is borrowed from the work by Rice et Al16which is based the information provided by the major epidemiological surveies that were conducted in the island populations of Faroe, Seycheles and New Zealand that examined the IQ alteration in neonates6,7,8based on a figure of neurodevelopment trials Cohen et Al21and Axelrad et Al18besides synthesized the consequences of the three island surveies utilizing adept opinion and Bayesian analysis severally and their resulting estimations are reflected in the hair quicksilver to I Q coefficient that Rice et Al have used. This coefficient can be translated as the ensuing addition in IQ points in kids from a lessening of 1ug/gr of maternal hair MeHg concentration. Since maternal hair MeHg degrees were used as the biomarker of exposure in the above mentioned surveies and such information is non available for the population of involvement, an ‘intake to blood coefficient’ and a ‘blood to hair’ coefficient are used that can use on the already known for Gallic pregnant adult females MeHg consumption estimations. These parametric quantities were besides foremost reported by Rice et Al16and were based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling that has been either performed by Rice et Al or have been described antecedently.19, 20Hazard Characterisation – DecisionAll computations have been performed utilizing Analytica 4.5. A complete list of variables and their values that were included in the Analytica theoretical account are presented in table IV. Figure 1 nowadayss an overview of the theoretical account. The basic premises that influence the theoretical account are:A control option of â€Å"Do non eat Tuna ( when pregnant ) † will ensue in 50 % decrease in the consumption of MeHg. This premise is based on the high degrees of MeHg in assorted tuna species compared to other fish species. The precise degree of 50 % is non evidence-based.There is no rectification for the possibility of a neurotoxicity threshold. It is assumed that neurotoxicity due to foetal exposure to MeHg is without a thresholdOverall this study concludes the ensuing IQ additions for the Gallic society is expected to be lognormally distributed with a median of 98 IQ points. Considerable uncertainness characterizes this consequence. The minimal IQ points addition could be every bit low as 4600 and every bit high as 790000. In this work, the possible inauspicious effects from cut downing the sum of fish consumed and the subsequent decrease of ?-3 fatty acids has non been evaluated Figure 1: Illustration of Analytica Model Table Four: Main Variables used in the Analytica theoretical account#Variable NameVariable ValueUnit of measurementsDescription1Control Scenario––Index2Prior Intake of MeHg from fishMin 0.47 Max 0.88ug Hg/kg bw/ hebdomadUniform Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( )3Efficiency of control option1 or 0.5UnitlessDecrease in MeHg intake after implementing the control option5Intake to blood coefficientMean: 0.6 STDDEV: 0.09ug Hg/L per ug Hg/dayNormal Distribution as Rice et Al reported. ( )6Blood to hair coefficientMedian: 0.21GSD: 1.85ug Hg/ gr per ug Hg/LLognormal Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( )7Dose response Function: hair to IQ coefficientMedian: 0.3 GSD: sqrt ( 3 )IQ platinums per ug MeHg/grLognormal Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( )8Gallic adult female weightMean: 61.7 STDDEV: 10.8KgNormal Distribution as Verger 2007 reported. ( )15France births per twelvemonth78000Births per twelvemonthBeginning by EurostatMentionsWHO. ( 2006 ) . Exposure to Mercury: A major public wellness concern. Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments, 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.12.007Kanai, Y. et Al ( 2003 ) : Functional belongingss of multispecific amino acid transporters and their deductions to transpoter-mediated toxicity. Journal of Toxicological Sciences. 28 ( 1 ) : 1-17Kerper et Al ( 1992 ) , Methylmercury conveyance across the blood-brain barrier by an amino acid bearer. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 262 ( 5 ) : 761-765.Mottet et Al, ( 1985 ) , Health hazards from additions in methylmercury exposure, , Environ Healt h Perspect. Nov ; 63:133-40.Sakamoto et Al ( 2004 ) , Maternal and foetal quicksilver and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a hazard and benefit of fish ingestion to fetus, Environ Sci Technol. Jul 15 ; 38 ( 14 ) :3860-3.Grandjean et Al ( 1997 ) , Cognitive shortage in 7-year-old kids with antenatal exposure to methylmercury, , Neurotoxicol Teratol. Nov-Dec ; 19 ( 6 ) :417-28.Myers, G. J. , Davidson, P. W. , Shamlaye, C. F. , Axtell, C. D. , Cernichiari, E. , Choisy, O. , †¦ Clarkson, T. W. ( 1997 ) . Effectss of antenatal methylmercury exposure from a high fish diet on developmental mileposts in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Neurotoxicology, 18 ( 3 ) , 819–829.Kjellstrom et Al ( 1986 ) , Physical and mental development of kids with antenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Phase 2: Interviews and psychological trials at age 6. Report 3642, National Swedish Environmental Protection BoardCastoldi, A. F. , Onishchenko, N. , Johansson, C. , Coccini, T. , Roda, E. , Vahter, M. , †¦ Manzo, L. ( 2008 ) . Neurodevelopmental toxicity of methylmercury: Laboratory animate being informations and their part to human hazard appraisal. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 51 ( 2 ) , 215–229. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.005Stern, A. H. , & A ; Smith, A. E. ( 2003 ) . An appraisal of the cord blood: Maternal blood methylmercury ratio: Deductions for hazard appraisal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 ( 12 ) , 1465–1470. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6187Gilbert, S. G. , & A ; Grant-Webster, K. S. ( 1995 ) . Neurobehavioral effects of developmental methylmercury exposure. In Environmental Health Perspectives ( Vol. 103, pp. 135–142 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s6135Grandjean, P. , & A ; Herz, K. T. ( 2011 ) . Methylmercury and encephalon development: Impreciseness and underestimate of developmental neurotoxicity in worlds. Mount Sinai J ournal of Medicine, 78 ( 1 ) , 107–118. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1002/msj.20228UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch, & A ; WHO Department of Food Safety, Z. and F. D. ( 2008 ) . GUIDANCE FOR IDENTIFYING POPULATIONS AT RISK FROM MERCURY EXPOSURE. Exposure.Crepet, A. , Tressou, J. , Verger, P. , & A ; Leblanc, J. C. ( 2005 ) . Management options to cut down exposure to methyl quicksilver through the ingestion of fish and piscary merchandises by the Gallic population. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 42 ( 2 ) , 179–189. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.03.006Pouzaud, F. , Ibbou, A. , Blanchemanche, S. , Grandjean, P. , Krempf, M. , Philippe, H.-J. , & A ; Verger, P. ( 2010 ) . Use of advanced bunch analysis to qualify fish ingestion forms and methylmercury dietetic exposures from fish and other sea nutrients among pregnant adult females. Journal of Exposure Science & A ; Environmental Epidemiology, 20 ( 1 ) , 54–68. hypertex t transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1038/jes.2009.2Rice, G. E. , Hammitt, J. K. , & A ; Evans, J. S. ( 2010 ) . A probabilistic word picture of the wellness benefits of cut downing methyl quicksilver consumption in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 44 ( 13 ) , 5216–5224. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1021/es903359uVerger, P. , Houdart, S. , Marette, S. , Roosen, J. , & A ; Blanchemanche, S. ( 2007 ) . Impact of a risk-benefit advisory on fish ingestion and dietetic exposure to methylmercury in France. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 48 ( 3 ) , 259–269. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.04.005Axelrad, D. a. , Bellinger, D. C. , Ryan, L. M. , & A ; Woodruff, T. J. ( 2007 ) . Dose-response relationship of antenatal quicksilver exposure and IQ: An integrative analysis of epidemiologic informations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 ( 4 ) , 609–615. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ ehp.9303Allen, B. C. , Hack, C. E. , & A ; Clewell, H. J. ( 2007 ) . Use of Markov concatenation Monte Carlo analysis with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic theoretical account of methylmercury to gauge exposures in U.S. adult females of childbearing age. Hazard Analysis, 27 ( 4 ) , 947–959. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00934.xClewell, H. J. , Crump, K. S. , Gentry, P. R. , & A ; Shipp, A. M. ( 2000 ) . Site-specific mention dosage for methylmercury for fish-eating populations. Fuel Processing Technology, 65, 43–54. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820 ( 99 ) 00075-2Cohen, J. T. , Bellinger, D. C. , & A ; Shaywitz, B. a. ( 2005 ) . A quantitative analysis of antenatal methyl quicksilver exposure and cognitive development. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29 ( 4 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.007

Equity theory 2 videos Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equity theory 2 videos - Assignment Example Adams theory acknowledges that variable factors affect employees’ assessment and perception of their relationship with their employer and their work. Employees may be demotivated with their employer or job if they feel that their inputs are greater than the output. Therefore, the resultant effects of this will be reduced efforts, disgruntled and disruptive. In the application of this theory in a work place, it is important to consider the imbalance and the balance that exist between employees input and output in order to have satisfaction in a work place. This theory believes that a good leader will recognize the needs and well-being of the team members in order to build a highly and successful teams (Maslow, 2012, 00:03:44). Maslow believes that that there should be an emotional contact between leaders and their team for enhancement of equity and motivation at work place. In this theory, the followers usually give in their best return when they realize their leaders are looking upon their welfares. However, the theory contends that, as people strive to achieve basic needs, they also seek to satisfy their higher sets of

The Strategy Diamond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Strategy Diamond - Essay Example Arena as part of the strategy seeks to enable managers or consultants make decisions on the areas which business is to be active. It helps in evaluating and analyzing kind of products or services alongside their distribution to the market. However, before the market as the destination, arena provides a clear picture of the target audience a company intends to reach out to. If the market segment is wide then it devices various segment either geographically or incorporating other factors in the analysis.On the other hand, vehicles elaborate the drivers that the company will use to achieve its objectives. This can be through internal development where every department of the business or the company is mandated to achieve various goals. In other cases, it can be through alliances with other companies or acquisition of other firms and joint venturing among other techniques. All the techniques employed at this facet provide means which are to be used to realize the anticipated success. How ever, the business field has become so competitive that those companies that can’t shape up more often than not are compelled to shape out. An ideal way for a company to compete favorably or have an age over its rivals is by branding its product or services in a way that makes its customers loyal. This is provided in the differentiator part of the strategy diamond. Differentiator can be how convenient is the company or its product is to the clients that make them prefer them to those offered by other firms.

Write about movies with solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write about movies with solution - Essay Example In as much as the movies might be fascinating, keen considerations should be the theme of the movies as they pass extremely relevant as well as pertinent information. The first movie Soylent green is a fiction film directed by Richard Fleischer, which highlights police genres and procedural investigations into a murder of a dystopian wealthy businessperson due to environmental problems. The environmental threats covered in the movie include overpopulation, pollution, poverty, depleted resources, dying oceans as well as the green house effect. The movies find a basis on the survival of people on the many-processed food that people relay on, including Soylent green. With a high population of over 40 million in New York, the housing conditions are unreliable and dilapidated. The city has a characteristic of homeless people found in the streets, which only survives on portions of food produces by Soylent Corporation. The corporation produces a new product in the market Soylent green made of high-energy plankton, more palatable and nutritious than other varieties. In the movie detective, Robert Thorn investigates the murder of William R. Simonson a director of the Soylent Corporation. As the investigations proceed, many things unfold when the New York Governor Joseph Snatini a onetime collaborate to Simonson; orders the closing of the case. When thorn disobeys, he sends him an assassin in a ration distribution facility; unfortunately, the assassin cannot accomplish the task successfully. Thorn then takes oceanography reports together with other researchers such as the exchange corporations. After a thorough research, they find out Soylent green is made from processed human remains. To a further surprise, he also finds out; it is the dead people, which make Soylent green. He survives from an attempted murder spreading the gospel that Soynet green is not food but dead people. Secondly

Open-label study of risperdone in children with severe disruptive Research Paper

Open-label study of risperdone in children with severe disruptive behaviors and below-average IQ - Research Paper Example The drug acts by blocking the postsynaptic function of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain, however, how it is able to improve the behavior is still unknown (McCracken et al, 2002). These drugs enhance protection against extrapyramidal symptoms (Findling, 2003). This is one of the prime reasons why risperidone is used more frequently for the treatment of behavioral disorders among children (Risperidone in Children with Autism, 2002). So far, it is one of the few drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration or FDA to treat aggressive behavior and irritability among children with autism (Buck, 2008). This approval was expanded in 2007 to include treatment of cases suffering from bipolar disorder in children 10 years of age, and children with schizophrenia 13 years of age and over (Buck, 2008). The recommended dosage in children is less than 1 mg per day, which can be given once or twice daily. The drug takes at least one week to start showing its effects, where the child may become calmer and less aggressive in nature (Eapen and Guraraj, 2005). The duration of the drug is variable, and is prescribed based on individual needs. Studies are showing positive correlation between the uses of the drug and lessening of the effects of aggression among children (Eapen and Gururaj, 2005, McCracken et al, 2002). A common side effect of the drug is EPS or extrapyramidal side effects, which include muscle rigidity, eye rolling and restlessness (Eapen and Gururaj, 2005). Usually the EPS is reversed by the administration of diphenhydramine 25 mg, within half an hour of the episode. There is still somewhat limited number of studies about the side effects of the drugs and more research in this area is needed. Children with ADHD receiving the drug for a prolonged time are likely to display tardive dyskinesia, which is reversible after discontinuation of the drug (Robb, 2010). Other less common side effects include muscle spasms and stiffness, agitatio n and feeling of restlessness, difficulty in swallowing, unexplained fever confusion, and fast and irregular heartbeat respectively. Children can also rarely display high blood sugar levels, increased prolactine horomones and high blood lipid levels (Eapena dn Gururaj, 2005). Risperidone increases appetite and sleep, which is why it is of concern in obese children. Other probable side effects may include increased risk to metabolic syndrome, diabetes or increased lipids. These effects can be utilized for children who have low appetite or who are restless and difficult sleepers (Eapen and Gururaj, 2005). The selection of the topic for research is justified. There is need to expand the research and learn more about the mechanism of action of the drug, and how it affects the behavioral problems among children. Alongside, new research in the same area will help in reinforcing the already found conclusions as well as identify possible new areas of research, such as how to reduce the side effects of the drug among children. As stated in the study by Eapen and Gururaj, (2005), ‘Although psychostimulants remain the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for ADHD, they may not be tolerated by some children, may be ineffective in some, and in yet others may exacerbate a comorbid medical condition such as seizures or tics’(Eapen and Gururaj

Discussion - MKT 571 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion - MKT 571 - Assignment Example Novartis innovation was one that resulted into remarkable improvement in the service delivery in the heath sector. Through the computerized system, malaria drug availability could be determined in order to avoid shortages in the sellers’ shelves. The unique and complex alliance formed between the business and other strategic partners ensured efficient communication and coordination that ensured its success. What needs to be answered is: How did Novartis manage to succeed in with the multiple alliances? What strategies did it pursue to gain effectiveness? Most businesses succeed because of introducing new products that are in demand in the market. However, in achieving sales growth and surging profitability, colossal sum of money is required in research and development and therefore the investment decision must be comprehensively analyzed. An innovative business model is essential for successful introduction of the innovative product (Hutt & Speh, 2009). This could involve forward, backward or changing the governance structure. Innovation plays a key role in business and organizational success (Hutt & Speh, 2009). Introduction of both services and goods demands considerable adjustment in the business model and effectiveness in the formation strategic

Industrially Significant Elements and Compounds of Steel Term Paper

Industrially Significant Elements and Compounds of Steel - Term Paper Example Carbon is found in large quantities from wood and coal (Hall, 1997). According to Hall (1997), Iron is mixed with carbon to form either steel or cast iron. Iron ore immediately extracted from the ground is rich in iron content or is concentrated. The concentration is then reduced in a blast furnace by the use of coke and limestone flux. The resulting product from the furnace is called pig iron. Pig iron is strong enough to be molded into various c shapes. Cast iron and its different types are produced at the foundry industries. The different types of cast iron produced at foundry industries include ductile iron, gray iron, and malleable iron. However, a larger percentage of cast iron is further refined to produce steel. Steel is the major metal consumed in large quantities around the world. Industrially Significant Elements and Compounds Steel is classified into three categories known as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel. However, all steels are seen as being alloys. Ste els are categorized as alloys because they contain other metals apart from manganese, silicon and phosphorous. These compounds are introduced as deliberate additions to the iron and carbon mixture (Hall, 1997). According to Hall (1997), Carbon steel varies on the ability of strength, how easily they can be welded and how easily they can be formed as well as their ability to be used in the formation of machines. Carbon steels are produced according to the range of quality. This is due to the level of certain element concentration. However, all carbon steel can rust if exposed to air, salts, and acids. Further, when carbon steel is bound to be exposed to some corrosive materials, they can be coated with paint or epoxy. Other metals can also be used to coat carbon to prevent any effects caused by corrosive materials. Currently, the readily available metal coatings of steal include zinc and another compound of zinc or aluminum. These steel metal coatings are used in the food and beverag e industries for safety measures. Another important element of steel to be considered is stainless steel.  

Agricultural Production in Ancient Civilizations Essay Example for Free

Agricultural Production in Ancient Civilizations Essay During the period of 500 C. E – 1000 C. E. ancient civilizations in North and South America and China cultivated and gradually moved from the hunting and gathering lifestyles. These civilizations drifted towards food collection and then farming. This approach, crops and attitudes toward agriculture varied with culture. With the Native Americans and the Ancient Chinese during 500 C. E – 1000 C. E. have both differences and similarities towards agricultural production. Document 1, tells of a story about how Maria Manuela de Cora (an Inca Author) passes along ancient legends. One that is called â€Å"Seeds† that says that one day the son of the sun kills a child that was made by the sun. The son of the sun got scared of the anger of his father and scattered about the world the pieces of his murdered brother. It tells that his body parts like his teeth grew corn. This would be a story about the creation of corn, why it was there and how. However, document 7 talks of an Ancient Chinese Legend. This talks more about that fact that if you took the weeds you could fertilize the farmer’s crops. With each story tells something to do with farming. How that one, thing is made or how to make their crops better. Document 5, is a diagram of a hunting scene and peasants working in a field in Ancient China. This illustration gave a reason for historians to track the development of tool- and weapon making in organization in agrarian and artisan production as well as the leisure activities of officials and the landed elites. With document 3 talks about Mesoamerican origins. Historians talk about that current archaeological evidence cannot pinpoint a single location where Indian agriculture began or determine precisely why the Indians became agriculturists. They did though have records that suggested that the cultivation and domestication of plants. With the painting and the records gave historians a better view of each hunting scene and peasants working in fields. During the period of 500 C. E – 1000 C. E. ancient civilizations in North and South America and China cultivated and gradually moved from the hunting and gathering lifestyles. These civilizations drifted towards food collection and then farming. With this approach, crops and attitudes toward agriculture varied with culture. With the Native Americans and the Ancient Chinese during 500 C. E – 1000 C. E. have both differences and similarities towards agricultural production. Showing that China was more into the facts then stories like Mesoamerica to explain the reasoning of agricultural in both of China and Native Americans.

The Spanish And Ottoman Empire

The Spanish And Ottoman Empire The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries marked key points in the development of both the Spanish and the Ottoman empires. The building of the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires are both similar and different in many ways. With the discovery of the Americas and the conquering of Constantinople, both empires were emerging as world powers. Furthermore, both empires developed into strong religious empires. One major difference was the reasons for conquest between the two vast empires. The Spanish sought to improve trade whereas the Ottoman Empire sought military control. There were also many similarities and differences in how the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires developed politically. The Spanish used the Encomienda System as a base for economic and political order in the Americas. Using this system, the men who served the crown, or the encomenderos, were awarded part of the labor and produce of the natives. The Spanish king ruled through the Council of the Indies, allowing the king to appoint viceroys. Furthermore, the Spanish king could oversee the treasury office and the royal court of appeals, or audiencia. In contrast, the Ottoman Empire developed a bureaucracy, and because of religious tolerance allowed Christians and Jews to participate in the government. The Spanish and the Ottoman Empires can be compared and contrasted economically. One difference between the two empires was taxing in the Ottoman Empire. Although the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of other religions, they imposed a special tax on non Muslims called the jizya. One similarity was the establishment of trade routes in both empires. The Spanish Empire established trade routes to the Americas and the Ottoman Empire, under the rule of Suleyman, expanded populations, roads, and trade routes. Suleyman led the Ottoman Empire to the Pax Ottomanica , resulting in the golden age that allowed the empire to flourish. Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire controlled half of the Danube River, allowing them to control trade. Socially, both the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires were very strict religious empires. The Spanish were strict Catholics (maybe tolerant). Similarly, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was a devout Muslim. The Spanish spread Christianity throughout the Americas, converting Natives similar to how the Ottomans converted boys in poor villages top ranking janissaries. However, the two empires did differ in that the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of other religions. The Ottoman Empire tolerated other religions because by allowing the Christians and Jews to practice their religions freely, the Ottoman Turks could defend themselves against revolts and rebellions. One major difference between the two empires was their reasons for expansion and conquest. The Spanish Empire expanded to further promote trade, whereas the Ottoman Empire expanded for military control. Under a system known as devshirme the Ottoman Sultan rounded up boys between the ages of 12 and 20 from villages and trained the best 1 0 percent to be civil servants or military men known as janissaries. However a similarity can be found in the decline of these two empires, where both empires ended because of the implications of the systems they sought to improve in expansion. The Spanish, in attempts to improve trade started to decline because of a weak financial base, unable to reap the benefits of trade. Similarly, when the expansion of the Ottoman Empire stopped, the empire lacked the influx of manpower to feed its system of maintaining an efficient population of civil servants and military men. A serial military defeat followed afterwards. During the periods of 1450 to 1800, the building of the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire developed in similar and different ways. Politically, the Spanish used an encomienda system whereas the Ottomans developed a bureaucratic government. Economically, the Spanish and the Ottoman developed trade routes, but the Spanish did not impose the jizya as the Ottomans did. Socially, both empires were strictly religious but the Ottomans were more tolerant of other religions. Despite their emergence as world powers, both empires declined as a result of the Spanishs inability to develop a strong financial base and the Ottomans failure to continue maintaining a constant manpower. Whereas the Spanish easily conquered the New World, the Ottomans constantly fought against different people from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Ottoman society was divided politically into wealth producers, soldiers, Muslims, and non-Muslims. Under a system known as devshirme the Sultan rounded up boys between the ages of 12 and 20 from villages and trained the best 10 percent to be civil servants or military men known as janissaries. After the relatively easier early conquest, Spanish legislation prohibited exploration and enslavement of Indians in its New Laws of 1542. In Mexico and Peru the decree was ignored and lead to a debate about how the colonies should be run, with some prominent ruling class arguing that Indians should be treated with protection and care, while others argued for a slavery system. The Ottoman Empire was less enlightened in ideology, but ruled with brute penalties for criminal acts, and efficient administration ad legal procedures. The Sultan considered himself supreme as compared against other monarchs. Indians died because of disease, dislocation, and the rigors of mine work following the European conquest. When the Spanish monarch ended the encomienda system the colonists increasingly sought grant of lands creating rural estates that produced cultural products. Gradually, the Americas evolved into an economic base that supports Spain. As for the Ottoman Empire, its decline was drastic. When the expansion stopped, the empire lacked the influx of manpower to feed its system of maintaining an efficient population of civil servants and military men. A serial military defeat followed afterwards.

Website For Malaysian Insurance Institute

Website For Malaysian Insurance Institute INTRODUCTION: The project aim is to setup a website for Malaysian Insurance to allow insurance agency leader to enroll their candidates for the Pre-Contract Examination. In phase 1, the author will conduct a few studies related to the electronic commerce to allow insurance agency leader to pay for the exam fees. Furthermore, additional security features to protect the website and the user will also be study to enhance the security of the website. FINDINGS: Background Study of Malaysian Insurance Institute Malaysian Insurance Institute is a non-profit organization that founded in 1968. This organization is a leading insurance institute that provide insurance knowledge, training and offer all kinds of qualifications that recognized by the international insurance company such as insurance, financial planning and risk management. MII is known as the primary insurance knowledge provider in Malaysia. It works together with other insurance company in the industry with supports and helps from the Bank Negara Malaysia and Regulator to guarantee the provided education is up to date and fulfill the changes in the insurance industry. Figure 1.1: Malaysian Insurance Institute Website 1.1 MII AS EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING BODY An average of 300 training programs is organized by MII to educate the brokers, insurers, reinsurers, adjusters and regulators. In each training program, there are about 10,000 participants from all other countries including Malaysia. These outstanding records make MII a place in the Education Board of the Federation of Afro Asian Insurers and Reinsurers (FAIR) that based in Egypt. Besides that, MII also help general and life insurance agents by providing training to them. These training will help them to provide a better service to their customers. For agency leaders, MII is ally with LIMRA (USA) to organize the Agency Management Training Course (AMTC) to upgrade their leadership and professionalism. There are two primary professional programs provide by MII. They are the Diploma of The Malaysian Insurance Institute (DMII) and the Associateship of The Malaysian Insurance Institute (AMII). These two programs are the basic requirement for the insurance industry and also for the emerging markets. 1.2 MII AS EXAMINATION CENTRE MII act as a guardian to monitor the education standards of insurance exam. Besides that, it is also the authorized exam center to conduct insurance examination. MII offers 32 major examinations that attract over 60 thousand candidates for the insurance industry in a year. Because of the outstanding management and good reputation as an education and exam centre, MII is consigned to be the primary place to conduct some others examinations that organize by others examination bodies such as The Institute of Risk Management (UK), Chartered Institute of Loss Adjusters ( UK), The Insurance Institute of America ( USA), The Society of Actuaries (USA) and others. 1.3 MII AS INSURANCE INFORMATION CENTRE MII is proud to have their own library that specialized in the insurance industry and others related industry. Besides that, all kind of collection of books, magazines or journals that related to insurance is also collect by the library for public use. Moreover, MII also has an electronic library portal that publish information to the public such as online newspapers, electronic journals, links to others insurance companies, associations, regulators, university and other related sectors. 1.4 MII AS CONFERENCE ORGANIZER There are around eight conferences that conducted by MII in a year which was planned to fulfill the needs of the emerging insurance industry. Most of the conference receives massive response from all kinds of business industry from local and international. These conferences not only provide experience and knowledge to the public but also provide a chance to each other to build up their networking with other industry. 1.5 AFFILIATION WITH INTERNATIONAL BODIES MII has a firm belief in collaborating its efforts and resources together with other reputable insurance education bodies throughout the world so as to maximize and leverage on each others strengths. MIIs commitment to deliver the best quality standards in education is reflected in its international links with major insurance institutions, universities and relevant organisations. Among the collaborations that MII has established are with The Chartered Insurance Institute (UK), Australasian Institute of Chartered Loss adjusters (AICLA), Chartered Institute of Loss Adjusters (CILA), Australian New Zealand Institute of Insurance and Finance (ANZIIF), LOMA (USA), Institute of Risk Management (UK), LIMRA (USA) and others 1.6 INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE While addressing the domestic needs will always remain as a main focus and priority, MII has also spread its wings into the international scene, particularly in fulfilling the needs of the emerging markets. This is in line with its vision to be the preferred Institute for training solutions, education and information in insurance in Malaysia and the emerging markets. The increasing numbers and wide range of international training participants and conference delegates is a testimony of the recognition and regard for the relevant and high quality programmes being offered by MII. MIIs presence in the emerging market, particularly within the ASEAN region is quite significant. When the 10 ASEAN insurance regulatory authorities formed the ASEAN Insurance Training Research Institute (AITRI), MII was given the honour to lead as the secretariat for AITRI. AITRI is a non-profit organization to provide regional research, insurance education and training support for the regulators as well as the industry of the ASEAN member countries. Its activities are featured in international publications and have gained great recognition and international support such as the World Bank (USA), International Association for Insurance Supervisors ( Switzerland), Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions ( Canada) and others. 1.7 INTERNATIONAL AWARD MII won a title named as Professional Service Provider of the Year 2007 Award at year 2007 from The Review Worldwide Reinsurance Association in London, U.K. MII show up as the first winner that come from Asia after 14 years when the award is started. MIIs effort and their compliance for the training and the education was the reasons for them to receive the award. 1.8 List of Certification and Professional Programs The list below is the certification or professional programs that offer by Malaysian Insurance Institute. These certification or professional programs are recognized by all the insurance company in Malaysia. The agent of an insurance company must possess the related certification or professional programs to promote or sell the insurance to the customers. Diploma of Financial Services Associateship of the Malaysia Insurance Institute (AMII) Associateship of the Malaysia Insurance Institute (AMII) International Diploma of the Malaysia Insurance Institute (DMII) Diploma of the Malaysia Insurance Institute (DMII) Life Certificate of MII Insurance (CMII Insurance) Pre-Contract Examination for Insurance Agent (PCEIA) Certificate Examination in Investment-Linked Life Insurance (CEILLI) International Certificate in Risk Management (CIRM) Basic Agency Management Course (BAMC) Registered Financial Planner (RFP) Basic Certificate Course in Loss Adjusting (BCCILA) Intermediate Certificate Course in Loss Adjusting (ICCILA) Basic Certificate Course in Insurance Broking (BCCIB) Intermediate Certificate Course in Insurance Broking (ICCIB) Certificate in General Insurance Actuarial Practice (CGIAP) 1.9 Conclusion MII is a powerful organization that provides high quality education to the insurance industry and others related field. Besides that, MII is also recognized by international organization for their quality services and excellent programs. Literature Review This chapter discusses about the online electronic commerce system and the security features that plan to implement on the registration website such as on screen keyboard, multi step authentication and secure socket layer. 2.1 Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce is known as any transaction or payment that occurs through the internet. It includes a wide range of area such as auction website, retail website, registration website, banking website, and etc. The content of electronic commerce can be goods or services. It has become important with the emerging of the internet and World Wide Web. Since electronic commerce is conduct on the internet, so the customer can ignore the barrier of distance and time. The electronic commerce is growing frequently since five years ago and it is expected to growing in faster rate. When electronic commerce is conducted, it means online payment will be conduct during the transaction. There are several of payment method are available online such as credit card, PayPal, and Google checkout. (Networksolution, 2010) Credit card is the most popular payment method used by most of the electronic commerce website. A marketing research shows that an electronic business will lost 60 to 80 percent of potential customers if credit card payment is not implemented in their electronic commerce system. With credit cards payment enabled, it makes the customer has the impulse to purchase an item at anytime and also ensure the legitimacy of the electronic business to the customers. (EasyStoreCreator, 2010) Another popular online payment method is PayPal. The benefit of PayPal is it allows the merchant or customer to make online and offline transaction at anytime. Furthermore, PayPal is well known for its ease of use and no verification bounding of credit rating. The users of PayPal only need to verify their electronic mail address and their accounts personal information. Payment can be easily directed to the PayPal account with the tied electronic mail address like [emailprotected] Additionally, Google checkout is also a preference of some electronic business merchant. Google checkout fast enough to become popular is because the provided service of this system is user friendly, very stable and reliable. Another benefits of Google checkout is it charge lesser merchant fees compare to PayPal and this makes it grow at a rapid rate. (Arora.n, 2010) 2.2 Types of Electronic Commerce There are multiple types of electronic commerce that are available on the internet. Among all kinds of electronic commerce, there are 4 popular types that occupy most of the electronic commerce website. They are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-business (C2B), consumer-to-consumer (C2C). Out of these popular types, there are also some others electronic commerce are used by those electronic business merchant such as business-to-employee (B2E), government-to-government (G2G), government-to-employee (G2E), government-to-business (G2B), business-to-government (B2G), government-to-citizen (G2C), citizen-to-government (C2G) and etc. (DigitSmith Embroidery and Screen Printing, 2006) 2.3 On Screen Keyboard On screen keyboard is a software or application that shows on the monitor of the computer. It allow user to input any kind of text by mouse or the monitors touch screen. On screen keyboard can help those mobility impairment people or those people that cannot type. Besides that, on screen keyboard also can help users to bypass those virus, Trojan or key logger to steal data (Microsoft Corporation, 2010). Figure 2.1 shows an example of on screen keyboard. It is a default application that comes with the operating system provide by Microsoft. msosk.jpg Figure 2.1 Microsoft on screen keyboard 2.4 Multi Step Authentication The single factor authentication such as the username and password process is widely used by a lot of website in the World Wide Web. Due to the demand for more security during login, an ideology named multi step authentication has been create to fulfill the public demand. Multi step authentication is a process of login and authenticates users in multiple webpage. The first step of the authentication is verify the username entered by the user. If it is match with any name inside the database, then the user will be redirect to the second step. Second step required the user to enter their password and if it is correct, then the system will redirect the user to the services they login to. (Agilewebsolutions, 2010) Besides that, this feature also block any malware that using form robot to capture password entered by the user because there is two different login processes is performing. 2.5 Secure Socket Layer Protocol(SSL) Secure Socket Layer is a well known protocol that uses to provide a secure connection between the server and the client. The purpose to secure a connection is to protect the integrity of data, privacy and authentication. SSL protect data by encrypting a plaintext message to ciphertext. Ciphertext is meaningless to everyone if someone captured the data packet try to crack it. A pair of key is used to encrypt the data. They are named public key and private key. Public key is used to encrypt data that send from the client and the private key is used to decrypt the data that received by the server. To ensure the server side is the real owner of the service provider, a digital certificate will be issue by a third party certificate authority such as GeoTrust and VeriSign. This process is to identify the domain is maintain by the recognized owner and it is legal. Figure 2.2 shows an example of digital certificate. (GeoCerts, 2010) cert.gif Figure 2.2: Digital Certificate Netscape introduced the SSL Protocol in 1994 due to the concern for the security over the internet was rising. At first, SSL is develop to secure the connection between the server and the client but modification was make to fit it in to other services such as TELNET, FTP, Email and etc. (Martz. C, 2010) 2.6 Conclusion Security feature is an important session to keep a website safe from any threats. All the features discussed is planned to implement into the website to work with the electronic commerce system and the website security. Electronic Commerce System Security It is a big challenge to maintain and securing an electronic commerce system as the internet world is emerging every day. It is important for electronic merchant to implement security for their electronic commerce website. 3.1 Components of Electronic Commerce Security There are 5 components of electronic commerce security that is important to electronic commerce website. The first component is containment that uses to prevent all kinds of attacks. The second component is compartmentalization that uses to avoid unauthorized access to the website system. Besides that, it prevents collateral damage deal to the website during attacks. The third component is continuity that guarantees website system to keep running even during DOS attacks or even during the equipment failure. The fourth component is recovery that frequently starts the recovery operation during external attacks or malicious internal activity. The fifth component is performance that ensures the network performance is not reducing due to the others security operation. 3.2 Electronic Commerce Vulnerabilities The fearful of online transaction threats has been increase with all types of attacks. Multiple vulnerabilities will be discussed to understand their characteristic. 3.2.1 SQL Injection SQL injection is a technique that inserts the SQL meta character into the user input. This technique allows the attacker to force the back-end database to execute the command entered into the system. To check whether the website is vulnerable to this attack, a single quote () character will be send into the database. An invulnerable website will return an error message which exposes the technology being used at the host machine. These information is enough for the attackers to perform further attacks to the restricted area or the operation system. SQL injection attack can be different depends on the types of database. If the attack is conduct on the Oracle database, it needs the UNION keyword to execute and it is harder to capture compare to Microsoft SQL server. (Mookhey. K. K, 2004) 3.2.2 Price Manipulation This is a new threat that threatens the payment gateway and the shopping cart. In the common case, the total price that needs to pay by the customer is saved in a hidden HTML field. A web application proxy such as Achilles can modify these figures when the information is send from the users browser to the website. The figure 3.1 is taken from one of the Symantec article showing that the price can be modify by the attackers to any value. Then, this information will be send to the merchants payment gateway. (Mookhey. K. K, 2004) achilles.jpg Figure 3.1: Achilles web proxy 3.2.3 Buffer Overflows Bad consequences will be happen when massive number of bytes is sent to an application that is not set up properly to handle these bytes. According to K. K. Mookhey, the path of the PHP functions is exposed when he sent in a very large value in the input field. Figure 3.2 shows that when a large value is sent in and the PHP script cannot process the value, the returned error message expose the location of the PHP functions. This error message reveals the admin folder that allows attackers to conduct further attacks. (Mookhey. K. K, 2004) phptimeout.jpg Figure 3.2: PHP timeout error 3.2.4 Cross-site Scripting Cross-site scripting is primary concentrated to the end user and also leverages two factors, the weak input output validation of the web application and the trust gain from the user to the well known website name. This attack required the website to take in user input, process it and shows the result together with the original user input. This sequence is commonly found in the search system. The attacker conducts the attack by embedding the JavaScript into the user input as part of the input. Then, a link will be created which contain this JavaScript and the victim will be persuaded to click on it. For example, the URL will looks similar like this: http://www.vulnerablesite.com/cgibin/search.php?keywords=alert(OK). This example will pop up an alert box that shows the text OK. The attacker can place the script they want into this link to conduct the attack. Usually, the attacker will use this method to capture the victims cookies that may contain victims sensitive information. Besides that, the JavaScript can be also use to redirect the victim to the website that contain malicious code and conduct the attack at there. 3.2.5 Weak Authentication Authentication system that does not block multiple fail login can lead to unexpected consequences. An attacker may use some brute force software to guess an accounts password by sending all kinds of combination to the server to validate the password. Another weak authentication is when the website uses basic authentication but does not transfer it through SSL. Attacker can sniff the traffic packet and discover the user information inside the packets. 3.3 Pros and Cons of Electronic Commerce System Although electronic commerce provide a lot of benefits to electronic business and the consumer, but there are also some consequences that affect both merchant and the consumer. The benefits of electronic commerce are it save the users time compare to shopping at any shops or markets. Everything transaction is conduct on the internet and just a few clicks, consumer can buy everything they want and pay it. Compare to shopping at regular shop, consumer have to travel to the shop, park the car, walk to the shop, browse the shop for the item, then pay it and that is wasting a lot of time. Electronic commerce is cheap compare to the product selling at regular shops and markets. This is because every electronic merchant does not need to pay for the rental and utilities expenses like the physical shop. That is why they can sell cheaper product when they do not need to cover these expenses. Besides that, lowering the product price is one of the marketing skills to attract customers to buy from their electronic shop. (Finnila. J, 2008) Most of the electronic commerce is supported with credit cards paying method. With this method enable, consumer does not need to download or install special plugin to make a transaction. Besides that, consumers with credit cards are always fill with impulse to buy something during every visit. Furthermore, the electronic merchant can keep the customer transaction information for future use such as follow up sales or advertise product. (Nightcats Multimedia Productions, 2010) The disadvantages of electronic commerce are the competitor is all around the world. Electronic merchant have to keep generate new marketing strategy to attract customers or keep the customers to visit them again. As the internet world is changing rapidly, there are a lot of new traps appear to steal information from the consumer such as phishing website and malicious scripts. For any electronic commerce user that unaware to these internet threats will expose their personal confidential information to those scam owners. (Finnila. J, 2008) From the point of view of most of the customers, it is an abuse to the customers personal information when the electronic merchant keeps the information for future use. The customer may want to keep their personal information in private and it is better to request for their permission before their information is used. Besides that, the customers also worry that their personal information may leak out to the public in any accident. It is a benefit for the merchant but a disadvantage to the customers. (Nightcats Multimedia Productions, 2010) 3.4 Conclusion It is important to electronic merchant to secure their electronic commerce system to prevent all kinds of incident that cause unexpected losses to the business. CONCLUSIONS: The author successfully completed objective one to three in the phase 1 of the project. The author learns how MII works in daily operation and their roles and responsibilities. Besides that, the author also learn how those additional security features works to protect the website and the users. As a proof of meeting objective one to three, the reference list below shows various information from different sites. REFERENCES (BACKGROUND READING MATERIALS): About MII (Online) (Cited 20 MAY 2010) Available from: http://www.insurance.com.my/mii2010/about.html MII Vision and Mission (Online) (Cited 21 MAY 2010) Available from: http://www.insurance.com.my/mii2010/about_vision.html Certification and Professional Programmes (Online) (Cited 22 MAY 2010) Available from: http://www.insurance.com.my/mii2010/certification.html What is Ecommerce? (Online) (Cited 23 MAY 2010) Available from: http://www.networksolutions.com/education/what-is-ecommerce/ Choosing a Merchant Credit Card Processing Vendor To Meet Your ecommerce Credit Card Processing Needs (Online) (Cited 25 MAY 2010) Available from: http://www.easystorecreator.com/choosing-vendor.asp Different Payment Methods in E-Commerce Website (Online) (Cited 26 MAY 2010) Available from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Different-Payment-Methods-in-E-Commerce-Websiteid=2073803 Ecommerce definition and types of ecommerce (Online) (Cited 26 MAY 2010) Available from: http://www.digitsmith.com/ecommerce-definition.html Handling Financial Web Site Tricks (Online) (Cited 28 MAY 2010) Available from: http://help.agile.ws/1Password3/multi_step_logins.html Two-Step Authentication Method For Online Banking (Online) (Cited 30 MAY 2010) Available from: http://priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000126859 Handling Financial Web Site Tricks (Online) (Cited 30 MAY 2010) Available from: http://help.agile.ws/1Password3/multi_step_logins.html Turn On and Use On-Screen Keyboard (Online) (cited 31 MAY 2010) Available from: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/accessibility/oskturnonuse.mspx SSL Secure Sockets Layer (Online) (Cited 1 JUNE 2010) Available from: http://www.birds-eye.net/definition/s/ssl-secure_sockets_layer.shtml How SSL Works (Online) (Cited 1 JUNE 2010) Available from: http://www.geocerts.com/ssl/how_ssl_works Pros Cons of E-Commerce (Online) (Cited 2 JUNE 2010) Available from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Pros-and-Cons-of-E-Commerceid=1481356 Pros and Cons for consumers when shopping online (Online) (Cited 2 JUNE 2010) Available from: http://www.nireland.com/e.commerce/Pros%20and%20Cons.htm Beginners Guide to Ecommerce (Online) (Cited 2 JUNE 2010) Available from: http://www.nightcats.com/sales/free.html 5 Essential Components of E-Commerce Security (Online) (Cited 3 JUNE 2010) Available from: http://www.intruguard.com/E-commerceSecurity.html Common Security Vulnerabilities in e-commerce Systems (Online) (Cited 4 JUNE 2010) Available from: http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/common-security-vulnerabilities-e-commerce-systems ***END OF REPORT***

Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay -- Poetry Poets Dickinson Rich

Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich The modernist period, stretching from the late 19th century to approximately 1960, is a very distinct phase in the progression of American literature, employing the use of novel literary techniques which stray away from the traditional literary styles observed in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sexuality (James Baldwin), as well as many others. The Modernist movement, however novel and unique, did not develop spontaneously. A few writers leading up to the movement exhibit obvious modernist views in their writing. These include male writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman, both of which had literature widely published through out their lives, influencing modernist writers to come. There is also, however, another writer who, though lesser known to the earliest modern composers, was one of the first female writers to show an obv ious propensity towards modernist ideals; Emily Dickinson. Though chronologically placed in the Romantic period, Emily Dickinson’s poetry, most published after her death beginning in 1890, exemplifies many modernist tendencies. Her stylistic oddities, such as her interesting diction, capitalization, rhythms, and use of the dash, as well as her feminist views, detach Dickinson from the other poets of her time. Once finally published posthumously, Dickinson’s writings came to influence modernist writers through out the 20th century. One writer in particular who â€Å"was immensely influenced by Dickinson’s poetry and sought to probe the extreme reaches of consciousness and truth just as Dickinson had† (Langdell, 84)... ...History.† The Emily Dickinson Journal 13.1 (2004). 19-50. Project Muse. 23 Mar. 2005 /v013/13.1ladin.html>. Langdell, Cheri Colby. Adrienne Rich: The Moment of Change. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2004. Martin, Wendy. An American Typtych: Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Adrienne Rich. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pollack, Vivian R., ed. A Historical Guide to Emily Dickinson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Porter, David. Dickinson, the Modern Idiom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. Rich, Adrienne. What is Found There: Notebooks on Poetry and Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. ---. â€Å"Vesuvius at Home: The Power of Emily Dickinson (1975).† On Lies, Secrets, and Silence. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay -- Poetry Poets Dickinson Rich Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich The modernist period, stretching from the late 19th century to approximately 1960, is a very distinct phase in the progression of American literature, employing the use of novel literary techniques which stray away from the traditional literary styles observed in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sexuality (James Baldwin), as well as many others. The Modernist movement, however novel and unique, did not develop spontaneously. A few writers leading up to the movement exhibit obvious modernist views in their writing. These include male writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman, both of which had literature widely published through out their lives, influencing modernist writers to come. There is also, however, another writer who, though lesser known to the earliest modern composers, was one of the first female writers to show an obv ious propensity towards modernist ideals; Emily Dickinson. Though chronologically placed in the Romantic period, Emily Dickinson’s poetry, most published after her death beginning in 1890, exemplifies many modernist tendencies. Her stylistic oddities, such as her interesting diction, capitalization, rhythms, and use of the dash, as well as her feminist views, detach Dickinson from the other poets of her time. Once finally published posthumously, Dickinson’s writings came to influence modernist writers through out the 20th century. One writer in particular who â€Å"was immensely influenced by Dickinson’s poetry and sought to probe the extreme reaches of consciousness and truth just as Dickinson had† (Langdell, 84)... ...History.† The Emily Dickinson Journal 13.1 (2004). 19-50. Project Muse. 23 Mar. 2005 /v013/13.1ladin.html>. Langdell, Cheri Colby. Adrienne Rich: The Moment of Change. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2004. Martin, Wendy. An American Typtych: Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Adrienne Rich. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pollack, Vivian R., ed. A Historical Guide to Emily Dickinson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Porter, David. Dickinson, the Modern Idiom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. Rich, Adrienne. What is Found There: Notebooks on Poetry and Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. ---. â€Å"Vesuvius at Home: The Power of Emily Dickinson (1975).† On Lies, Secrets, and Silence. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979.

Professional Writing Essay example -- Exploratory Essays Research Pape

Professional Writing To answer the question of what professional writing is, there are many available avenues. Almost every career field imaginable can involve some sort of â€Å"professional writing† or vital usage of rhetoric. There is no strict definition of professional writing. Communications can take this form in marketing and advertising, social science, engineering, business management, education, political science, natural science and life science among many others. I will examine, more closely, the latter of the group, life science, particularly in the human medical world, an area where professional writing refers to following strict sets of guidelines and appeasing to pressures applied for several different source; not merely a means of communicating. What do medical writers do? Even after narrowing down professional writing to its different career fields, it can still be a little more specific than the term â€Å"professional writing† itself. The medical field is a great example; writers can play crucial roles in pharmaceutical companies, communication resources, contract resource organizations, or perhaps as freelance medical writers (EMWA). I will look more specifically at pharmaceutical companies, where incredible skill and efficiency is required as writers submit documents regarding clinical studies, and in preparing documents to submit to regulatory authorities regarding new products. Firstly, writers in pharmaceutical agencies can carry a larger burden than in other medical industries due to the fact that, not only does their work possess the ability to do both great social benefit and social harm, but on average, every new drug introduced swallows over $200 million in the United States, and seven to ten years ... ...d adaptability to the rigorous demands of many parties involved in the process. Works cited: European Medical Writers Association (EMWA). â€Å"Medical Writing†. Obtained from http://www.emwa.org/Mum/Career.pdf. Accessed 1/24/04. Bonk, Robert J. â€Å"Writing Technical Documents for the Global Pharmaceutical Industry†. Techinical Communication Quarterly. Summer 1998: Pp. 319-327. Hall, Katherine. â€Å"Simply Symposia†. The Write Stuff – EMWA Journal. Obtained from http://www.emwa.org/Articles/Symposia.html. Accessed 1/23/04. Pike, Eva. â€Å"What the Regulatory Authorities want to see†. The Write Stuff – EMWA Journal. Obtained from http://www.emwa.org/Articles/WhatRegulatory.html. Accessed 1/23/04. Jacobs, Adam. â€Å"The Contractor-Client Relationship†. The Write Stuff – EMWA Journal. Obtained from http://www.emwa.org/Articles/Contractor-client.html. Accessed 1/23/04.

European Literature Essay

In distinguishing between the genres of short story, novel and annovel, it is important to take into considerations such factors as: rather social or individual subtext, size, coverage of certain topic, the presence of mythology and spirituality, confrontation either with daily routines or with unusual situations. In this sense, novel is probably the most ;social’ genre, as it necessarily points to certain societal pathologies, describes the antagonism between private and public interests and normally consists of a number of chapters, gradually developing the plot. Furthermore, novel is characterized by the authenticity to material facts and thorough depiction of events and social interactions. Annovel is close to novel in terms of genre, as both works of fiction cover much space, yet the entire novel is as a rule dedicated to putting into chronological order the lives of certain characters, whose fates are normally depicted completely, especially if they are protagonists. Annovel, in turn, can contain a collection of short stories, which fit into the context of the creative work, but describe completely different characters and develop dissimilar plotlines. Nevertheless, annovel should be viewed as an entity, as sometimes certain characters can ‘wander’ among stories, so that they are depicted in various situations. Short story, as a genre, is characterized by the considerable impact of individual and spiritual (mystic) components: as a rule, they have either oversimplified abstractive plots or extremely multifaceted plotlines, presented briefly, as they usually cover short time period (conversely to novels and annovels, which give details for epochal changes). Furthermore, lyrical, intuitive and personality aspects are also attributed to short story, as it is aimed at highlighting certain human impulse or momentary change in human life (sudden death, irrational decisions and so forth). Whereas novels are viewed as well-organized and structured works, short stories might switch between various temporal phases (from the future to the past, for instance) and usually include peculiar temporal discourse. The most prominent example of annovel genre is â€Å"Dubliners† by James Joyce. The writing contains more than ten stories, which, if integrated, present the topic of Irish lifestyle, beliefs and social order and constitute a brief encyclopedia of Dublin urban dynamics. Different characters are thrown into various troubles, so that the annovel provides several plots. Annovel therefore to some extent combines the elements of short story and novel Charles Dickens’s â€Å"Hard Times† is a typical novel, relatively large in volume – its considerable size is intended to create the impression of reality and allow the reader to dive into both social and psychological contexts of the basic plotline, which seems to be developed gradually. The short stories ‘Araby’ and ‘Clay’ from Dubliners   to some extent reaffirm the existence of ‘parallel’ or ‘absurd’ reality, as both, in spite of their conciseness, in fact depict the interrelation between the past, the present and the future and note each character’s reflections upon the past events, i.e. necessarily contain conscience flow and use psychological tools like ‘sublime object’. Dramatic monologue in fact includes two key terms – ‘dramatic’ and ‘monologue’. The ‘dramatic’ shows it can be acted out like drama, while the ‘monologue’ points to certain person’s speech, so dramatic monologue is a poem, in which attention is paid to both situation and character. This poetry form implies the presence of listener or audience, so that the monologue is intended as a component or independent part of dramatic performance. For instance, in Yeats â€Å"Leda and the Swan† the author present his lyrical dramatic monologue as a set of rhetorical questions, upon which the audience is supposed to reflect. In order to strengthen the overall effect and impression, the author refers to mythological characters (the reference tool is widely used, as it allows incorporating the others’ ideas and experiences into the monologue) and utilizes metaphorical language in order to enrich the argumentative aspect of the monologue with the emotions, feelings, perceptions and therefore appeal to the reader’s affection and emotional intelligence. ‘Sailing to Byzantium’ is a dramatic monologue, presenting certain case or situation: the lyrical character or protagonist, feeling aged and tired, sails towards the sun, in order to reach the holy city. The monologue, as one can note, contains certain argument: the poet depicts rather negative discourse between the realms of the young and the elderly and substantiates each viewpoint through representing social issues through metaphors and parallelisms.

Economics Commentary Essay

BRUSSELS: The European Commission on Thursday announced 5.5 million euros (7.5 million dollars) of emergency humanitarian aid for hundreds of thousands of civilians in conflict-ridden northwest Pakistan. More than 834,000 civilians have now fled a military assault on Taliban fighters holed up in Pakistan’s rugged northwest, where artillery pounded rebel bastions Thursday. â€Å"As a result of the intensified fighting in Swat and other parts of the country, Pakistan is facing not only a security threat but also a humanitarian threat,† said European Humanitarian Aid Commissioner Louis Michel. â€Å"Pakistani authorities are doing their utmost but their relief capacities are now overstretched,† he said, announcing the release of 5.5 million euros while adding that more could be provided â€Å"if necessary.† The EU’s executive arm stressed that its aid was provided on a neutral basis to provide basic humanitarian needs such as shelter, food, clothes, and medical support. In some places, it will also provide clean drinking water and sanitation. All the funds will be channeled to projects by non-governmental relief organizations, specialized UN agencies and the Red Cross/Red Crescent movement. The European Union plans to hold its first ever summit with Pakistan in June to help strengthen the civilian government there. Among subjects mooted for the summit, provisionally planned for June 17, are the fight against terrorism — including in neighboring Afghanistan — as well as cooperation in the field of the rule of law and trade issues, according to a Czech EU presidency source. The EU has sent some 500 million Euros in aid to Pakistan since 1976, according to the European Commission, and has quadrupled its funding for the 2007-2010 period, with 50 million euros (65 million dollars) earmarked so far. Powered by Indiatimes About Us | Advertise with Us | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Feedback | Sitemap Copyright (c) 2009 Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service This site is best viewed with Internet Explorer 6.0 or higher; Firefox 2.0 or higher at a minimum screen resolution of 1024Ãâ€"768 The European Commission announced 5.5 million euros (7.5 million dollars) of emergency humanitarian aid for hundreds of thousands of civilians in conflict-ridden northwest Pakistan. This article is about the European Union (EU), which also plays an important role in regional development, deciding to provide an aid for Pakistan. Many parts of Pakistan had been taken over by terrorists, Taliban, which resulted in some citizens to move to the northern part of the country. The EU is providing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.5 million and more â€Å"if necessary.† It will be used for basic necessities of life, food, shelter, and clothing; medical support, sanitation, and drinking water would also be provided. The type of which is provided by the EU is an official aid or also known as official development assistance (ODA); it is a mix of bilateral and multilateral aid. Multilateral aid is when organizations allocate funds provided by the countries and bilateral aid is when the aid is given directly to the country in need in the form of for example money support, machinery, tools, food, and medicine. In order to develop, Pakistan needs money and the EU is supplying them with the official aid through the organization of the Red Cross. This aid will result in developing not just the basic needs of the people there, which is proper sanitation and basic necessities of life, but also help strengthen the government, the â€Å"civilian government.† In order for development to take place, a few factors need to be kept in mind: Human factors, natural factors, physical capital and technological factors, and also institutional factors. In this case, the human factors and the institutional factors are kept in mind for Pakistan’s development. Human factors are the â€Å"quality and/or quantity of human resources.† The consequences of providing the civilians with better sanitation and food, shelter, medicine etc would be that they would have a better standard of living; lesser amount of people would fall ill and that would mean more amount of labor, which is an economic benefit. This would add to the potential output due to the increase in productivity as more people would be there to produce for the economy of Pakistan. In Graph 1 it shows the potential output of Pakistan at point B and point A represents the current output of the economy. In Graph 2, the potential output of Pakistan increased to point C due to the aid provided. These graphs show that the result of aid could increase the current output to point B because of increase in resources due to development, and potential output to point C. The amount of labor does not jus increase by proper food and health facilities but also by education and infrastructure, which is the â€Å"internal skeletal of the economy,† for which there has to be political stability, which are the institutional factors of an economy. The EU has also included aid for improving the civilian government. The civilian government, once recovered, can help in improving infrastructure and education systems by implementing new laws, policies and goals. This could also help increase the amount of security for the people in economy and also help recover land from the areas which are taken over by terrorists. Infrastructure â€Å"provides the basis for an economy.† It includes things such as road networks, sewage system, health, education. Enhancing the infrastructure would make the people in the economy better and more advanced labor. Education would help increase the amount of skilled labor which would, again, help develop the economy by helping increase the amount of physical capital and technological factors; these are social benefits to the economy. Better health would result in longer life span, more productivity and an increase in literacy rate would provide the economy with better skilled workers, increase productivity, and awareness. Poor sanitation, sewage system, can result in many deaths, which would be a negative impact on the economy as there will be a decrease in labor. In conclusion, the official aid given to Pakistan will help the economy towards progression. I will help by improving the economy’s human and institutional factors. By improving the â€Å"civilian government,† it would also make it a safer place for the normal citizens especially from the terrorist attacks. There will also be an impact on the law and order in the economy of Pakistan due to the aid given. The political stability can also improve. These would result in the overall development of the economy.

Packaging for Saffola Rice

Contents * Introduction and Background * Research Objectives * Variables * Type of Study * Sampling * Hypotheses * Research Design * Assumptions * Delimitations Background Packaging is a very important marketing strategy to glamorize your product in order to attract the consumer’s attention. Sometimes packaging is so important that it cost more than the product itself in order to lure the consumers to buy it. Most consumers judge a product by its packaging before buying. So it is logical to say attractive packaging is crucial in order to get the first time buyers to buy your products. There are many elements involved in the success of a product and packaging is one of the key drivers of purchase. This report is to understand the role of packaging in the success of the product, it is important to know the key elements in packaging which are working or not working for the consumer. The various forms of packaging types that are available to us are Tetra pack, Plastic bags, Tins , Paper bags, Plastic bottles, Tubes, Soft pouches, Nozzle bottles, Gunny bags, Paper boxes. In the case of Rice purchase it is observed that packaging is seen important however not critical. Most consumers were buying branded rice in 20 kg jute bags and were driven more by price vs. packaging. ) Research Objectives To evaluate the new packaging for Saffola rice. Basic studies have reflected on the need for a new packaging. Once the packaging is confirmed at the outset, it is imperative to notify the credibility the packaging lends to the rice inside and to understand the drivers of these impr essions. Also it gives an opportunity to capture cues for improvement. Variables Dependent :Purchase Preference, * Independent : Overall packaging * Intervening: Introduction of a new packaging concept by competitor, change in requirement/ need. * Control : Income group, Gender, Occupation Type of Study * Process – Exploratory * Type of data – Qualitative * Content – Empirical * Period – One time study * Setting – Field Sample The Sample should be people who have bought a product or who are thinking of buying a product. They should be buyers and not specifiers. They may be multiple purchasers. During the course of our research when the probable sample was listed there was a temptation to say – â€Å"yes, all of these† but considering that the greater the scope of the project the more it will cost and the longer it will take we decided to stick to a sample size of 50. Our Target profile a. Females -SEC A, B b. Must be a primary cook in the house i. Must cook at least one meal on weekdays and weekends c. Decision maker in purchase of household items d. Regular buyers, decision makers and consumers of rice. The segmentation was based on Working Women and Housewives who were aged between 24 to 45 years.

Americas Economic Development during the Colonial Period

During the 17th and 18th centuries, European nations were heavily influenced by the economic system of mercantilism—a system which aims at maximizing the wealth of a nation (Scott, 2001). Europeans came to the Americas to increase their wealth, expand their influence, gain more power, and build an empire. To acquire wealth for their motherland, Europeans had to have colonies. The colonists regulated the economic activities of their colonies and then accumulated wealth for the European powers (Score, 2006).From 1607 to 1732, the Europeans colonized thirteen countries, grouped as follows: (1) New England Colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut)—more on shipbuilding and fur trading; (2) Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware)—more cosmopolitan and trading raw materials for manufactured items; and (3) Southern Colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia)—predominantly rural ec onomy (Conte & Karr, 2001).The discovery of these countries resulted in a movement of European populations into the colonies. This demographic change facilitated the economic progress of the colonies. Their citizens of different origins developed a synergy to live together in harmony; utilized their crafts; and created towns with shops, markets, town halls (Think Quest). As the colonies became prosperous, the English realized that the colonies could expand their trade and further prosper.In 1650s and 1660s, England instituted a set of Navigation Acts to limit colonial trade solely to British—and colonies’ exports to and imports from other countries had to be shipped through Great Britain, thereby increasing the latter’s import duty collections, and incomes for re-exportation of goods (Scott, 2001). These trade restrictions somehow benefited the colonies, e. g. , New England’s ship building industry benefited from foreign competition protection, South Caro lina gained from an indigo subsidy, North Carolina profited from bounties on tar and lumber, and various other exporters benefited from zero import tariffs (Scott, 2001).The Navigation Acts were strictly enforced in 1763, which heightened the interest of the colonies to gain their independence from Britain (Scott, 2001). References Conte, Christopher, and Albert R. Karr. (2001). Chapter 3 – The U. S. Economy: A Brief History. An Outline of the U. S. Economy. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from U. S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs Web site: http://usinfo. state. gov/products/pubs/oecon/chap3. htm. Score. (2006). A Study of the colonial economy from 1600-1750.Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Schools of California Online Resources for Education (Score) Web site: http://score. rims. k12. ca. us/score_lessons/. Scott, Carole E. (2001). Mercantilism and the American Revolution. In American Economic History. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Ancestry. com Web sit e: http://freepages. history. rootsweb. ancestry. com/~cescott/mercan. html. Think Quest. (n. d. ). The Colonial Period. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Oracle Education Foundation Web site: http://library. thinkquest. org/C007803/colonia_period. htm.

Inequality of Gender in Sports, Is it warranted Research Paper

Inequality of Gender in Sports, Is it warranted - Research Paper Example Rugby has a legacy of being a violent game, and feminine identities are thought to either subvert this notion (Fields, 2005) or use the violence as a mechanism of enhancing the femininity of the players (Gill, 2007). There are several reasons given within the literature for women enjoying playing such a traditionally masculine sport; one being subverting the traditional notions of femininity, another being that the participants enjoy being part of a game which requires extreme physical strengths. Further reasons include that it gives the women that participate a sense of empowerment and self-confidence. Further interviews suggest that these women simply enjoy the game of rugby and feel it appropriate to play a sport for which they have this affection, gender-roles ignored (Chu et al, 2003). Women participate in rugby for a number of reasons, and the growing interest in the sport helps to suggest that women do not have to resist traditional notions of femininity to be recognized as tr ue rugby players. The history of women’s rugby helps to give some idea of why the sport has developed such controversy. Firstly, the early evolution of the female game is shrouded in mystery, making it hard to define a ‘first female rugby team’ or any other definitive moments (Chandler & Nauright, 1999). Early female rugby players faced challenges about their desires to play such a violent and masculine game (Fields, 2005). One of the most major discrepancies between the female and male games of rugby are the salaries. Not only are there far fewer professional and semi-professional female rugby teams, but the players get paid a significantly lower amount (Chandler & Nauright, 1999). Whilst some female rugby players have suggested that they play simply for a love of the game (Chu et al, 2003), it has been suggested that females should

Capacity Planning and Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capacity Planning and Management - Case Study Example Further, there is likelihood that the human resource issues in relation to the implementation of the new facilities may arise. It has been noted that the facility decision involves the subjects such as finance, marketing, human resource, accounting and engineering. Therefore, there is requirement of the cross-sectional teams in facility decisions. Balancing Supply And Demand In order to describe the aggregate planning process, the sales and the operation planning (S&OP) can be used. It can be stated that S&OP tends to match the demand as well as the supply by making use of the cross-functional team approach. The diverse cross-functional team tends to meet the general manager for discussing on the sales forecast along with the supply plan and thus take the necessary steps to balance the supply and demand. Role of Aggregate Planning The main task of the aggregate planning is to equalize the supply along with demand of the outputs within the medium-term range. Since the demand of the pr oduct seems to be uncertain and fluctuating, with the help of the aggregate planning the general output level for the medium-term future is set. It is not only the yield level that is planned with the help of the aggregate planning method of the operations management but also aggregate planning method tends to determine the suitable resources input mix that can be utilized. It can be stated that the main objective of the aggregate planning is to achieve a plan of production that can make optimum exploitation of the resources of the organization for the purpose of satisfying the expected demand. By making utilization of the ‘level strategy’ and the ‘chase strategy’ or the blend of the two, a firm is able to meet the aggregate demand in the medium-term (Pan & Kleiner, 1995). Material Requirements Planning and Enterprise Resource Planning It can be stated that the manufacturing organizations are required to handle the complexities since there are few thousands of the products, parts, processes and uncertainties that they need to manage. However, it would not be sensible to reveal that there are not any possibilities to manage the uncertain situation. With the assistance of the computerized planning as well as control system named as material requirements planning, it is possible to manage any kind of situation. On the other hand, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is also a significant aspect in operations management. ERP is generally a company wide resource planning system utilized for the purpose of planning along with the controlling of the resources MRP can be utilized to assist the managers to keep the record of the orders via the manufacturing process and thus assist in moving the accurate amount of the material to the production department (Scarlett, 2006). It can be identified that there is requirement of the five elements to make the MRP successful. The five elements are: execution planning, exact data, adequate computer system, and management support and users knowledge. It can be stated